Institute of Life Science 1 internal Atrium view up

Dr Andrew Warrilow

Honorary Appointment (Human & Health Sciences)

Faculty of Medicine Health and Life Science

+44 (0) 1792 205678 ext 9138

a.warrilow@swansea.ac.uk

About

Dr Andrew Warrilow is a protein biochemist working in the Centre for Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity (http://www.p450swansea.co.uk/) within Swansea University Medical School. He began his career at IACR Long Ashton Research Station near Bristol in 1995 before moving to the Wolfson Laboratory of Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity in Aberystwyth University during 1998 to work with Professor Steven Kelly and subsequently joined Swansea University in 2004.

Andrew's main research interests are sterol 14-alpha demethylases (CYP51) of fungal pathogens and their cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) redox partners. Fungal CYP51 is the target enzyme of azole antifungal drugs and increasing resistance towards azole antifungals amongst clinical isolates of Candida spp., Aspergillus spp. and Mucorales necessitates greater understanding of azole resistance mechanisms and the synthesis and screening of new therapeutic agents to overcome this growing resistance.

Other research interests include the characterization of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, especially in terms of ligand binding, substrate specificity and enzyme kinetics; expertise shared with students enrolled on the taught modules Andrew contributes towards.

Andrew is a co-investigator on the BEACON (http://www.beaconwales.org) Biorefining Centre of Excellence programme. BEACON is a partnership between Aberystwyth, Bangor and Swansea Universities and the University of South Wales working in the field of conversion of biomass and biowastes into biobased products with commercial applications. BEACON is a £18.3 million project backed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Welsh Government and primarily aims to help Welsh businesses explore biobased opportunities for growth by providing access to wide-ranging specialist equipment and scientific expertise. BEACON won the 2014 RegioStars prize for the best Regional Project in the EU.

Areas Of Expertise

• Sterol 14-alpha demethylases (CYP51)
• NADPH-Cytochrome P450 reductases
• Azole antifungal drug screening
• Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases
• Enzymology
• Protein purification
• Protein biochemistry

Career Highlights

Research

Resistance to azole antifungal drugs observed in clinical fungal infections amongst Candida spp., Aspergillus spp. and Mucorales is an increasing problem that needs urgent attention.

Andrew has participated in several studies examining the biochemical mode of action of azole antifungals with the target CYP51 enzyme of fungal pathogens and the human homologue. This work has included characterization of the mode of action of new therapeutic agents including the tetrazole VT-1161 (Viamet/Mycovia) and triazole PC945 (Pulmocide). At the time of writing (May 2020) VT-1161 is undergoing Phase 3 trials and PC945 Phase 2 trials.

Other investigations include the underlying biochemical basis for increased azole resistance in Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus clinical isolates previously attributed to amino acid substitutions in the fungal CYP51 enzyme. In C. albicans the effects of individual CYP51 amino acid substitutions on enzyme activity in terms of fluconazole tolerance were additive, whereas in A. fumigatus individual amino acid substitutions in CYP51A can confer significant azole tolerance. In addition the biochemical mode of action for azole antifungals against CYP51 enzymes from Cryptococcus spp., Trichophyton rubrum and Malassezia globosa have also been investigated.

Further understanding the mechanisms involved in CYP51 azole resistance will inform the design of the next generation of therapeutic agents to overcome the emerging resistance to existing azole antifungal drugs.

Collaborations

Publications

Research Highlights

Nie, D., Hoobler, E., Rai, G., Warrilow, A., Perry, S., Smyrniotis, C., Jadhav, A., Simeonov, A., Parker, J., Kelly, D., Maloney, D., Kelly, S., & Holman, T. (2013). Discovery of a Novel Dual Fungal CYP51/Human 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor: Implications for Anti-Fungal Therapy. PLoS ONE, 8(6)
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065928, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa15178
Warrilow, A., Hull, C., Rolley, N., Parker, J., Nes, W., Smith, S., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2014). Clotrimazole as a Potent Agent for Treating the Oomycete Fish Pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica through Inhibition of Sterol 14 -Demethylase (CYP51). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 80(19), 6154-6166.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01195-14, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa18616
Price, C., Parker, J., Warrilow, A., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2015). Azole fungicides - understanding resistance mechanisms in agricultural fungal pathogens. Pest Management Science, n/a-n/a.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4029, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa20922
Lamb, D., Warrilow, A., Rolley, N., Parker, J., Nes, W., Smith, S., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2015). Azole Antifungal Agents To Treat the Human Pathogens Acanthamoeba castellanii and Acanthamoeba polyphaga through Inhibition of Sterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 59(8), 4707-4713.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00476-15, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa31514
http://aac.asm.org/content/59/8/4707.full.pdf+html
Warrilow, A., Price, C., Parker, J., Rolley, N., Smyrniotis, C., Hughes, D., Thoss, V., Nes, W., Kelly, D., Holman, T., & Kelly, S. (2016). Azole Antifungal Sensitivity of Sterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51) and CYP5218 from Malassezia globosa. Scientific Reports, 6(1)
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27690, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa34335
Hull, C., Warrilow, A., Rolley, N., Price, C., Donnison, I., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2017). Co-production of 11α-hydroxyprogesterone and ethanol using recombinant yeast expressing fungal steroid hydroxylases. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 10(1)
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0904-z, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa37567
Zhou, W., Warrilow, A., Thomas, C., Ramos, E., Parker, J., Price, C., Vanderloop, B., Fisher, P., Loftis, M., Kelly, D., Kelly, S., & Nes, W. (2018). Functional importance for developmental regulation of sterol biosynthesis in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1863(10), 1164-1178.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.07.004, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa41148
Warrilow, A., Nishimoto, A., Parker, J., Price, C., Flowers, S., Kelly, D., Rogers, P., & Kelly, S. (2019). The Evolution of Azole Resistance in Candida albicans Sterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51) through Incremental Amino Acid Substitutions. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 63(5)
https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.02586-18, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa48946
Warrilow, A., Parker, J., Price, C., Rolley, N., Nes, W., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2019). Isavuconazole and voriconazole inhibition of sterol 14α-demethylases (CYP51) from Aspergillus fumigatus and Homo sapiens. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.07.011, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa51096
Lamb, D., Follmer, A., Goldstone, J., Nelson, D., Warrilow, A., Price, C., True, M., Kelly, S., Poulos, T., & Stegeman, J. (2019). On the occurrence of cytochrome P450 in viruses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(25), 12343-12352.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901080116, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa50802
Colley, T., Sehra, G., Chowdhary, A., Alanio, A., Kelly, S., Kizawa, Y., Armstrong-James, D., Fisher, M., Warrilow, A., Parker, J., Kelly, D., Kimura, G., Nishimoto, Y., Sunose, M., Onions, S., Crepin, D., Lagasse, F., Crittall, M., Shannon, J...., & Rapeport, G. (2018). In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy of a Novel and Long-Acting Fungicidal Azole, PC1244, on Aspergillus fumigatus Infection. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 62(5), AAC.01941-17
https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.01941-17, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa38876
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01941-17
Colley, T., Alanio, A., Kelly, S., Sehra, G., Kizawa, Y., Warrilow, A., Parker, J., Kelly, D., Kimura, G., Anderson-Dring, L., Nakaoki, T., Sunose, M., Onions, S., Crepin, D., Lagasse, F., Crittall, M., Shannon, J., Cooke, M., Bretagne, S...., & Rapeport, G. (2017). In vitro and in vivo antifungal profile of a novel and long acting inhaled azole, PC945, on Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, AAC.02280-16
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02280-16, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa32189
Warrilow, A., Parker, J., Price, C., Garvey, E., Hoekstra, W., Schotzinger, R., Wiederhold, N., Nes, W., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2017). The Tetrazole VT-1161 Is a Potent Inhibitor of Trichophyton rubrum through Its Inhibition of T. rubrum CYP51. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 61(7), e00333-17
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00333-17, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa34176
Warrilow, A., Parker, J., Price, C., Nes, W., Garvey, E., Hoekstra, W., Schotzinger, R., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2016). The Investigational Drug VT-1129 Is a Highly Potent Inhibitor of Cryptococcus Species CYP51 but Only Weakly Inhibits the Human Enzyme. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 60(8), 4530-4538.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00349-16, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa29154
Warrilow, A., Hull, C., Parker, J., Garvey, E., Hoekstra, W., Moore, W., Schotzinger, R., Kelly, D., Kelly, S., & Hull, C. (2014). The Clinical Candidate VT-1161 Is a Highly Potent Inhibitor of Candida albicans CYP51 but Fails To Bind the Human Enzyme. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 58(12), 7121-7127.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.03707-14, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa18693
Price, C., Warrilow, A., Parker, J., Mullins, J., Nes, W., Kelly, D., Kelly, S., & Schottel, J. (2015). Novel Substrate Specificity and Temperature-Sensitive Activity of Mycosphaerella graminicola CYP51 Supported by the Native NADPH Cytochrome P450 Reductase. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81(10), 3379-3386.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03965-14, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa20704
Kelly, S., Kelly, D., Parker, J., & Warrilow, A. (2013). Azole Affinity of Sterol 14alpha-Demethylase (CYP51) Enzymes from Candida albicans and Homo sapiens. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 57(3)-1360.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02067-12, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa14415
Warrilow, A., Martel, C., Parker, J., Melo, N., Lamb, D., Nes, W., Kelly, D., Kelly, S., & Hull, C. (2010). Azole Binding Properties of Candida albicans Sterol 14alpha-Demethylase (CaCYP51). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 54(10), 4235-4245.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00587-10, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6355
Parker, J., Warrilow, A., Price, C., Mullins, J., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2014). Resistance to antifungals that target CYP51. Journal of Chemical Biology, 7(4), 143-161.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12154-014-0121-1, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa18694
Parker, J., Warrilow, A., Cools, H., Martel, C., Nes, W., Fraaije, B., Lucas, J., Kelly, D., Kelly, S., & Hull, C. (2010). Mechanism of Binding of Prothioconazole to Mycosphaerella graminicola CYP51 Differs from That of Other Azole Antifungals. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77(4), 1460-1465.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01332-10, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6361
Melo, N., Moran, G., Warrilow, A., Dudley, E., Smith, S., Sullivan, D., Lamb, D., Kelly, D., Coleman, D., & Kelly, S. (2008). CYP56 (Dit2p) in Candida albicans: Characterization and Investigation of Its Role in Growth and Antifungal Drug Susceptibility. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 52(10), 3718-3724.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00446-08, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6349
Warrilow, A., Ugochukwu, C., Lamb, D., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2008). Expression and Characterization of CYP51, the Ancient Sterol 14alpha-demethylase Activity for Cytochromes P450 (CYP), in the White-Rot Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Lipids, 43(12), 1143-1153.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-008-3239-5, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6350
Warrilow, A., Jackson, C., Parker, J., Marczylo, T., Kelly, D., Lamb, D., & Kelly, S. (2008). Identification, Characterization, and Azole-Binding Properties of Mycobacterium smegmatis CYP164A2, a Homolog of ML2088, the Sole Cytochrome P450 Gene of Mycobacterium leprae. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 53(3), 1157-1164.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01237-08, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6351
Lamb, D., Lei, L., Warrilow, A., Lepesheva, G., Mullins, J., Waterman, M., Kelly, S., & Mullins, J. (2009). The First Virally Encoded Cytochrome P450. Journal of Virology, 83(16), 8266-8269.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00289-09, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6352
Martel, C., Parker, J., Bader, O., Weig, M., Gross, U., Warrilow, A., Kelly, D., Kelly, S., Parker, J., & Hull, C. (2010). A Clinical Isolate of Candida albicans with Mutations in ERG11 (Encoding Sterol 14alpha-Demethylase) and ERG5 (Encoding C22 Desaturase) Is Cross Resistant to Azoles and Amphotericin B. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 54(9), 3578-3583.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00303-10, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6353
Warrilow, A., Melo, N., Martel, C., Parker, J., Nes, W., Kelly, S., & Kelly, D. (2010). Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Aspergillus fumigatus Sterol 14alpha-Demethylase (CYP51) Isoenzymes A and B. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 54(10), 4225-4234.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00316-10, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6354
Martel, C., Parker, J., Warrilow, A., Rolley, N., Kelly, S., Kelly, D., Parker, J., Hull, C., & Warrilow, A. (2010). Complementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae ERG11/CYP51 (Sterol 14alpha-Demethylase) Doxycycline-Regulated Mutant and Screening of the Azole Sensitivity of Aspergillus fumigatus Isoenzymes CYP51A and CYP51B. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 54(11), 4920-4923.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00349-10, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6356
Lamb, D., Lei, L., Zhao, B., Yuan, H., Jackson, C., Warrilow, A., Skaug, T., Dyson, P., Dawson, E., Kelly, S., Hachey, D., & Waterman, M. (2010). Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) CYP102 Protein, a Novel Fatty Acid Hydroxylase Encoded as a Heme Domain without an N-Terminal Redox Partner. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(6), 1975-1980.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03000-09, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6357
Martel, C., Parker, J., Bader, O., Weig, M., Gross, U., Warrilow, A., Rolley, N., Kelly, D., Kelly, S., & Hull, C. (2010). Identification and Characterization of Four Azole-Resistant erg3 Mutants of Candida albicans. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 54(11), 4527-4533.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00348-10, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6358
Martel, C., Warrilow, A., Jackson, C., Mullins, J., Togawa, R., Parker, J., Morris, M., Donnison, I., Kelly, D., Kelly, S., Mullins, J., & Hull, C. (2010). Expression, purification and use of the soluble domain of Lactobacillus paracasei β-fructosidase to optimise production of bioethanol from grass fructans. Bioresource Technology, 101(12), 4395-4402.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.084, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6359
Martel, C., Parker, J., Jackson, C., Warrilow, A., Rolley, N., Greig, C., Morris, S., Donnison, I., Kelly, D., Kelly, S., & Hull, C. (2011). Expression of bacterial levanase in yeast enables simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of grass juice to bioethanol. Bioresource Technology, 102(2), 1503-1508.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.07.099, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6360
Agnew, C., Warrilow, A., Burton, N., Lamb, D., Kelly, S., & Brady, R. (2011). An Enlarged, Adaptable Active Site in CYP164 Family P450 Enzymes, the Sole P450 in Mycobacterium leprae. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 56(1), 391-402.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.05227-11, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6364
Hull, C., Parker, J., Bader, O., Weig, M., Gross, U., Warrilow, A., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2012). Facultative Sterol Uptake in an Ergosterol-Deficient Clinical Isolate of Candida glabrata Harboring a Missense Mutation inERG11and Exhibiting Cross-Resistance to Azoles and Amphotericin B. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 56(8), 4223-4232.
https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.06253-11, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa12338
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.06253-11
Hull, C., Bader, O., Parker, J., Weig, M., Gross, U., Warrilow, A., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2012). Two Clinical Isolates of Candida glabrata Exhibiting Reduced Sensitivity to Amphotericin B Both Harbor Mutations inERG2. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 56(12), 6417-6421.
https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.01145-12, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa13028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01145-12
Calabrese, E., Castellano, S., Santoriello, M., Sgherri, C., Quartacci, M., Calucci, L., Warrilow, A., Lamb, D., Kelly, S., Milite, C., Granata, I., Sbardella, G., Stefancich, G., Maresca, B., & Porta, A. (2013). Antifungal activity of azole compounds CPA18 and CPA109 against azole-susceptible and -resistant strains of Candida albicans. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 68(5), 1111-1119.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dks506, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa14005
Binjubair, F., Parker, J., Warrilow, A., Puri, K., Braidley, P., Tatar, E., Kelly, S., Kelly, D., & Simons, C. (2020). Small‐Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Sterol 14α‐Demethylase (CYP51): Synthesis, Molecular Modelling and Evaluation Against Candida albicans. ChemMedChem, 15(14), 1294-1309.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.202000250, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa54878
Price, C., Warrilow, A., Rolley, N., Parker, J., Thoss, V., Kelly, D., Corcionivoschi, N., & Kelly, S. (2022). Cytochrome P450 168A1 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is involved in the hydroxylation of biologically relevant fatty acids. PLOS ONE, 17(3), e0265227
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265227, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa59697
Hull, C., Warrilow, A., Rolley, N., Price, C., Donnison, I., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2017). Co-production of 11α-hydroxyprogesterone and ethanol using recombinant yeast expressing fungal steroid hydroxylases. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 10(1)
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0904-z, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa64804
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0904-z

All Research

Journal Articles

Price, C., Warrilow, A., Rolley, N., Parker, J., Thoss, V., Kelly, D., Corcionivoschi, N., & Kelly, S. (2022). Cytochrome P450 168A1 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is involved in the hydroxylation of biologically relevant fatty acids. PLOS ONE, 17(3), e0265227
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265227, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa59697
Binjubair, F., Parker, J., Warrilow, A., Puri, K., Braidley, P., Tatar, E., Kelly, S., Kelly, D., & Simons, C. (2020). Small‐Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Sterol 14α‐Demethylase (CYP51): Synthesis, Molecular Modelling and Evaluation Against Candida albicans. ChemMedChem, 15(14), 1294-1309.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.202000250, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa54878
Warrilow, A., Parker, J., Price, C., Rolley, N., Nes, W., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2019). Isavuconazole and voriconazole inhibition of sterol 14α-demethylases (CYP51) from Aspergillus fumigatus and Homo sapiens. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.07.011, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa51096
Lamb, D., Follmer, A., Goldstone, J., Nelson, D., Warrilow, A., Price, C., True, M., Kelly, S., Poulos, T., & Stegeman, J. (2019). On the occurrence of cytochrome P450 in viruses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(25), 12343-12352.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901080116, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa50802
Warrilow, A., Nishimoto, A., Parker, J., Price, C., Flowers, S., Kelly, D., Rogers, P., & Kelly, S. (2019). The Evolution of Azole Resistance in Candida albicans Sterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51) through Incremental Amino Acid Substitutions. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 63(5)
https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.02586-18, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa48946
Zhou, W., Warrilow, A., Thomas, C., Ramos, E., Parker, J., Price, C., Vanderloop, B., Fisher, P., Loftis, M., Kelly, D., Kelly, S., & Nes, W. (2018). Functional importance for developmental regulation of sterol biosynthesis in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1863(10), 1164-1178.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.07.004, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa41148
Colley, T., Sehra, G., Chowdhary, A., Alanio, A., Kelly, S., Kizawa, Y., Armstrong-James, D., Fisher, M., Warrilow, A., Parker, J., Kelly, D., Kimura, G., Nishimoto, Y., Sunose, M., Onions, S., Crepin, D., Lagasse, F., Crittall, M., Shannon, J...., & Rapeport, G. (2018). In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy of a Novel and Long-Acting Fungicidal Azole, PC1244, on Aspergillus fumigatus Infection. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 62(5), AAC.01941-17
https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.01941-17, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa38876
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01941-17
Hull, C., Warrilow, A., Rolley, N., Price, C., Donnison, I., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2017). Co-production of 11α-hydroxyprogesterone and ethanol using recombinant yeast expressing fungal steroid hydroxylases. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 10(1)
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0904-z, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa64804
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0904-z
Hull, C., Warrilow, A., Rolley, N., Price, C., Donnison, I., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2017). Co-production of 11α-hydroxyprogesterone and ethanol using recombinant yeast expressing fungal steroid hydroxylases. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 10(1)
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0904-z, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa37567
Warrilow, A., Parker, J., Price, C., Garvey, E., Hoekstra, W., Schotzinger, R., Wiederhold, N., Nes, W., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2017). The Tetrazole VT-1161 Is a Potent Inhibitor of Trichophyton rubrum through Its Inhibition of T. rubrum CYP51. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 61(7), e00333-17
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00333-17, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa34176
Colley, T., Alanio, A., Kelly, S., Sehra, G., Kizawa, Y., Warrilow, A., Parker, J., Kelly, D., Kimura, G., Anderson-Dring, L., Nakaoki, T., Sunose, M., Onions, S., Crepin, D., Lagasse, F., Crittall, M., Shannon, J., Cooke, M., Bretagne, S...., & Rapeport, G. (2017). In vitro and in vivo antifungal profile of a novel and long acting inhaled azole, PC945, on Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, AAC.02280-16
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02280-16, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa32189
Warrilow, A., Price, C., Parker, J., Rolley, N., Smyrniotis, C., Hughes, D., Thoss, V., Nes, W., Kelly, D., Holman, T., & Kelly, S. (2016). Azole Antifungal Sensitivity of Sterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51) and CYP5218 from Malassezia globosa. Scientific Reports, 6(1)
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27690, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa34335
Warrilow, A., Parker, J., Price, C., Nes, W., Garvey, E., Hoekstra, W., Schotzinger, R., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2016). The Investigational Drug VT-1129 Is a Highly Potent Inhibitor of Cryptococcus Species CYP51 but Only Weakly Inhibits the Human Enzyme. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 60(8), 4530-4538.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00349-16, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa29154
Price, C., Parker, J., Warrilow, A., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2015). Azole fungicides - understanding resistance mechanisms in agricultural fungal pathogens. Pest Management Science, n/a-n/a.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4029, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa20922
Lamb, D., Warrilow, A., Rolley, N., Parker, J., Nes, W., Smith, S., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2015). Azole Antifungal Agents To Treat the Human Pathogens Acanthamoeba castellanii and Acanthamoeba polyphaga through Inhibition of Sterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 59(8), 4707-4713.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00476-15, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa31514
http://aac.asm.org/content/59/8/4707.full.pdf+html
Price, C., Warrilow, A., Parker, J., Mullins, J., Nes, W., Kelly, D., Kelly, S., & Schottel, J. (2015). Novel Substrate Specificity and Temperature-Sensitive Activity of Mycosphaerella graminicola CYP51 Supported by the Native NADPH Cytochrome P450 Reductase. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81(10), 3379-3386.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03965-14, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa20704
Warrilow, A., Hull, C., Rolley, N., Parker, J., Nes, W., Smith, S., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2014). Clotrimazole as a Potent Agent for Treating the Oomycete Fish Pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica through Inhibition of Sterol 14 -Demethylase (CYP51). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 80(19), 6154-6166.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01195-14, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa18616
Parker, J., Warrilow, A., Price, C., Mullins, J., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2014). Resistance to antifungals that target CYP51. Journal of Chemical Biology, 7(4), 143-161.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12154-014-0121-1, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa18694
Warrilow, A., Hull, C., Parker, J., Garvey, E., Hoekstra, W., Moore, W., Schotzinger, R., Kelly, D., Kelly, S., & Hull, C. (2014). The Clinical Candidate VT-1161 Is a Highly Potent Inhibitor of Candida albicans CYP51 but Fails To Bind the Human Enzyme. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 58(12), 7121-7127.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.03707-14, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa18693
Nie, D., Hoobler, E., Rai, G., Warrilow, A., Perry, S., Smyrniotis, C., Jadhav, A., Simeonov, A., Parker, J., Kelly, D., Maloney, D., Kelly, S., & Holman, T. (2013). Discovery of a Novel Dual Fungal CYP51/Human 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor: Implications for Anti-Fungal Therapy. PLoS ONE, 8(6)
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065928, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa15178
Calabrese, E., Castellano, S., Santoriello, M., Sgherri, C., Quartacci, M., Calucci, L., Warrilow, A., Lamb, D., Kelly, S., Milite, C., Granata, I., Sbardella, G., Stefancich, G., Maresca, B., & Porta, A. (2013). Antifungal activity of azole compounds CPA18 and CPA109 against azole-susceptible and -resistant strains of Candida albicans. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 68(5), 1111-1119.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dks506, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa14005
Kelly, S., Kelly, D., Parker, J., & Warrilow, A. (2013). Azole Affinity of Sterol 14alpha-Demethylase (CYP51) Enzymes from Candida albicans and Homo sapiens. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 57(3)-1360.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02067-12, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa14415
Hull, C., Bader, O., Parker, J., Weig, M., Gross, U., Warrilow, A., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2012). Two Clinical Isolates of Candida glabrata Exhibiting Reduced Sensitivity to Amphotericin B Both Harbor Mutations inERG2. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 56(12), 6417-6421.
https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.01145-12, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa13028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01145-12
Hull, C., Parker, J., Bader, O., Weig, M., Gross, U., Warrilow, A., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2012). Facultative Sterol Uptake in an Ergosterol-Deficient Clinical Isolate of Candida glabrata Harboring a Missense Mutation inERG11and Exhibiting Cross-Resistance to Azoles and Amphotericin B. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 56(8), 4223-4232.
https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.06253-11, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa12338
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.06253-11
Agnew, C., Warrilow, A., Burton, N., Lamb, D., Kelly, S., & Brady, R. (2011). An Enlarged, Adaptable Active Site in CYP164 Family P450 Enzymes, the Sole P450 in Mycobacterium leprae. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 56(1), 391-402.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.05227-11, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6364
Martel, C., Parker, J., Jackson, C., Warrilow, A., Rolley, N., Greig, C., Morris, S., Donnison, I., Kelly, D., Kelly, S., & Hull, C. (2011). Expression of bacterial levanase in yeast enables simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of grass juice to bioethanol. Bioresource Technology, 102(2), 1503-1508.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.07.099, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6360
Warrilow, A., Martel, C., Parker, J., Melo, N., Lamb, D., Nes, W., Kelly, D., Kelly, S., & Hull, C. (2010). Azole Binding Properties of Candida albicans Sterol 14alpha-Demethylase (CaCYP51). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 54(10), 4235-4245.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00587-10, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6355
Parker, J., Warrilow, A., Cools, H., Martel, C., Nes, W., Fraaije, B., Lucas, J., Kelly, D., Kelly, S., & Hull, C. (2010). Mechanism of Binding of Prothioconazole to Mycosphaerella graminicola CYP51 Differs from That of Other Azole Antifungals. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77(4), 1460-1465.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01332-10, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6361
Martel, C., Parker, J., Bader, O., Weig, M., Gross, U., Warrilow, A., Kelly, D., Kelly, S., Parker, J., & Hull, C. (2010). A Clinical Isolate of Candida albicans with Mutations in ERG11 (Encoding Sterol 14alpha-Demethylase) and ERG5 (Encoding C22 Desaturase) Is Cross Resistant to Azoles and Amphotericin B. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 54(9), 3578-3583.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00303-10, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6353
Warrilow, A., Melo, N., Martel, C., Parker, J., Nes, W., Kelly, S., & Kelly, D. (2010). Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Aspergillus fumigatus Sterol 14alpha-Demethylase (CYP51) Isoenzymes A and B. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 54(10), 4225-4234.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00316-10, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6354
Martel, C., Parker, J., Warrilow, A., Rolley, N., Kelly, S., Kelly, D., Parker, J., Hull, C., & Warrilow, A. (2010). Complementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae ERG11/CYP51 (Sterol 14alpha-Demethylase) Doxycycline-Regulated Mutant and Screening of the Azole Sensitivity of Aspergillus fumigatus Isoenzymes CYP51A and CYP51B. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 54(11), 4920-4923.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00349-10, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6356
Lamb, D., Lei, L., Zhao, B., Yuan, H., Jackson, C., Warrilow, A., Skaug, T., Dyson, P., Dawson, E., Kelly, S., Hachey, D., & Waterman, M. (2010). Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) CYP102 Protein, a Novel Fatty Acid Hydroxylase Encoded as a Heme Domain without an N-Terminal Redox Partner. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(6), 1975-1980.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03000-09, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6357
Martel, C., Warrilow, A., Jackson, C., Mullins, J., Togawa, R., Parker, J., Morris, M., Donnison, I., Kelly, D., Kelly, S., Mullins, J., & Hull, C. (2010). Expression, purification and use of the soluble domain of Lactobacillus paracasei β-fructosidase to optimise production of bioethanol from grass fructans. Bioresource Technology, 101(12), 4395-4402.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.084, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6359
Martel, C., Parker, J., Bader, O., Weig, M., Gross, U., Warrilow, A., Rolley, N., Kelly, D., Kelly, S., & Hull, C. (2010). Identification and Characterization of Four Azole-Resistant erg3 Mutants of Candida albicans. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 54(11), 4527-4533.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00348-10, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6358
Lamb, D., Lei, L., Warrilow, A., Lepesheva, G., Mullins, J., Waterman, M., Kelly, S., & Mullins, J. (2009). The First Virally Encoded Cytochrome P450. Journal of Virology, 83(16), 8266-8269.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00289-09, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6352
Melo, N., Moran, G., Warrilow, A., Dudley, E., Smith, S., Sullivan, D., Lamb, D., Kelly, D., Coleman, D., & Kelly, S. (2008). CYP56 (Dit2p) in Candida albicans: Characterization and Investigation of Its Role in Growth and Antifungal Drug Susceptibility. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 52(10), 3718-3724.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00446-08, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6349
Warrilow, A., Ugochukwu, C., Lamb, D., Kelly, D., & Kelly, S. (2008). Expression and Characterization of CYP51, the Ancient Sterol 14alpha-demethylase Activity for Cytochromes P450 (CYP), in the White-Rot Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Lipids, 43(12), 1143-1153.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-008-3239-5, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6350
Warrilow, A., Jackson, C., Parker, J., Marczylo, T., Kelly, D., Lamb, D., & Kelly, S. (2008). Identification, Characterization, and Azole-Binding Properties of Mycobacterium smegmatis CYP164A2, a Homolog of ML2088, the Sole Cytochrome P450 Gene of Mycobacterium leprae. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 53(3), 1157-1164.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01237-08, SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa6351

Career History

Postdoctoral Research Officer , Swansea University Medical School

2004 - Present
Postdoctoral Research Assistant , Wolfson Laboratory of Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Aberystwyth University

1998 - 2004
Higher Scientific Officer , IACR Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol

1995 - 1998
SERC funded PhD studentship - Protein Biochemistry , Biochemistry Department, University of Wales Aberystwyth

1989 - 1993

Dr Andrew Warrilow

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Career History

Postdoctoral Research Officer , Swansea University Medical School

Postdoctoral Research Assistant , Wolfson Laboratory of Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Aberystwyth University

Higher Scientific Officer , IACR Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol

SERC funded PhD studentship - Protein Biochemistry , Biochemistry Department, University of Wales Aberystwyth