Professor Georgios Leloudas

• From Automation to Autonomy: Tort Law in the New Age of Artificial Intelligence (current)

  PhD

  Other supervisor: Prof Baris Soyer

• Has a new era of commercial and marine insurance principles favorably enhanced the English Insurance Market or is this lawful opt-out regime a compromised revolution? (current)

  PhD

  Other supervisor: Prof Baris Soyer

• Digitalisation of International Trade- Commercial Applications in Shipping and Insurance (current)

  PhD

  Other supervisor: Prof Baris Soyer

• The Implications of Artificial Intelligence and Related Emerging Technologies on Ship Operations: Civil Liability and Insurance Considerations (current)

  PhD

  Other supervisor: Prof Baris Soyer

• Disruptive Technologies: Legal and Insurance Implications in Shipping (awarded 2025)

  PhD

  Other supervisor: Prof Baris Soyer

• Cyber Risks, Potential Liabilities and Insurance Responses in the Marine Sector (awarded 2022)

  PhD

  Other supervisor: Prof Baris Soyer

• LACM10 Carriage of Goods by Sea, Land and Air

  Goods are carried all over the world by different modes of transport ¿ by land, rail, sea and air. This module analyses the issues that arise in relation to each form of transportation. In most cases, cargo is carried purely by one mode of transport (unimodal transport). For example, bulk cargoes are generally carried solely by sea and such carriage is subject to compulsory international regimes which are intended to regulate that mode of carriage i.e. the Hague, Hague-Visby and Hamburg Rules. Similarly, high value cargoes and pharmaceuticals are generally carried solely by air and are compulsorily subject to the Warsaw/Montreal Conventions. However, it is also common for goods to be carried in the one receptacle but by different modes of transport e.g. one container may be carried by road, rail, sea and air (multimodal transport). Such form of carriage gives rise to difficulties since whilst separate conventions apply to individual legs of the carriage, there is no one international convention which applies to the whole of such carriage. This module is designed to analyse the different features and characteristics of the different forms of contract of carriage that are currently used in relation to both unimodal and multi modal transport, the problems that may be faced when cargo carried under such contracts is lost or damaged and the part played by the current international regimes i.e. the Hague, Hague-Visby and Hamburg Rules in relation to carriage by sea, the Warsaw/Montreal Conventions in relation to carriage by air, CMR in relation to carriage by road and CIM/COTIF in relation to carriage by rail. The module also considers multi-modal contracts of carriages, which are not subject to any international regime. Finally, this module examines several contemporary difficulties which arise both in relation to the nature of bailment contracts and the practicalities of cargo claims.

• LACM17 International Commercial Arbitration

  International commercial disputes that cannot be otherwise resolved are customarily referred to arbitration. As such, a global network of arbitration organizations and international institutions exist to address references to arbitration. The module examines the arbitration structures which exist to resolve international disputes in the context of commercial arbitration and the associated questions of private international law. The module also examines disputes between foreign investors and host States and in particular looks into the system of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) which enables foreign investors to act directly against the host State where the investment was made. This part of the module introduces the international law relating to foreign investments and discusses the different dispute resolution mechanisms that can be invoked to resolve relevant disputes.

• LACM21 Private Air Law and Aircraft Finance

  The availability of credit, and the provision of personal and real security that go with it, are vital to entrepreneurial activities everywhere, including in particular the transport sector. This module focuses on the legal framework and policy concerns that underpin the provision of credit, putting particular emphasis on ships and other mobile assets, such as aircraft. Taking both an English and an international perspective, it inquires into the nature and functions of credit and other mechanisms for financing the acquisition of high-value assets, most notably leasing; it also takes a detailed look at personal security and bank guarantees. It then goes on to explore how the law seeks to regulate and balance the competing interests of different categories of creditors, lessors, lessees and other parties implicated in or affected by credit and leasing arrangements, again with particular emphasis on the transport sector.

• LACM31 Employability Skills in the Commercial and Maritime Industry

  This module provides LLM students with the key skills that are required to succeed in degree level study in the discipline of maritime and commercial law. This module provides practical guidance in written and oral communication skills necessary to succeed in the careers following the completion of the LLM. Students are introduced to the skills needed in applying for jobs and/or moving forward in a career path, including how to recognise and make the most of experience, learning, and knowledge and how to promote themselves effectively, including ways of qualifying as a practicing lawyer in England & Wales. The module is supported by outside speakers who share their expertise with our LLM students, give them an insight of their commercial and maritime practice.

• LAMM03 The Law of Marine Insurance

  This module introduces the foundations and basic concepts of the law of marine property insurance, i.e. the insurance of ships, cargoes and freight. The law considered is predominantly English law, although it is of international relevance for two reasons. First, principles of English marine insurance law are to be found in many Commonwealth jurisdictions and is recognised as authority in the United States. Secondly, forms used in London Insurance market are to be found in 2/3 of the world¿s markets (according to the UNCTAD) and the US forms show marked similarities. English marine insurance law is based upon the Marine Insurance Act 1906 as modified by the Insurance Act 2015. Most provisions of the Act, however, are frequently subject to contrary agreement between the parties and the Act does not address the perils against which cover is provided. Accordingly, considerable emphasis is placed on the standard clauses of the International Underwriting Association of London where much of the substance of modern marine insurance contracts is to be found. Throughout the module, the respective positions, rights and duties of assureds and insurers are analysed, as also are the concepts of indemnity, subrogation and co-insurance.

• LATM01 Artificial Intelligence in Commerce and Legal Practice

  Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming integral to the fabric of modern society and is already a staple of commercial organisations and businesses looking to enhance their productivity. It has been used for a variety of reasons, such as the reduction of financial paperwork via the electronicisation of commercial payments (that are now regularly made by computer), and increasingly for the incidence of smart contract payments automatically triggered by a payee¿s computer acting in collaboration with the debtor¿s IT systems. Where goods are ordered automatically (e.g. an industrialist¿s computer hooked up to a component supplier¿s server), they can also give rise to the formation of entirely new contracts. This module will focus on the use of AI within commercial and legal settings. It is often the case that once the technology is put in place issues will arise, such as the question of whether such technology can function within the parameters of existing legal rules. Human rights ¿ even within a commercial framework ¿ must also be considered as part of any analysis concerning the use of AI (notably, for example, the right to privacy). Overall, this module intends to provide an in-depth analysis of AI in the context of existing private legal rules while also exploring its role in society, what legal frameworks need to be developed.

• Solicitor, Gates and Partners, London

  2008 - 2011

• Lecturer, Hillary Rodham Clinton School of Law

  2011 - 2014

• Lecturer, Hillary Rodham Clinton School of Law

  2014 - 2018

• Associate Professor, Hillary Rodham Clinton School of Law

  2018 - 2022

• Professor, Hillary Rodham Clinton School of Law

  November 2022 - Present

• LLM Projects Coodinator, School of Law

  2011 - Present

• LLM Moot Director, School of Law

  2011 - Present

• LLM Educational Trips Director, School of Law

  2011 - Present

• Taught Masters Visiting Lectures Co-ordinator, School of Law

  2011 - Present

• Editor of the Annals of Air and Space Law, Institute of Air and Space Law of McGill University

  2009 - Present

• Delivering professional courses on the Law of Aviation Insurance, Training & Development of the IATA

  2009 - Present

• Vice Chair of the Committee of the Air Law Group, Royal Aeronautical Society

  2021 - Present

Court citations of George’s work in Shawcross and Beaumont on Air Law (LexisNexis)

USA Courts
• Chapter 39 on Carriage of Cargo was cited by the US Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit in Underwriters at Lloyds Subscribing to Cover Note B0753PC1308275000 v Expeditors Korea Ltd 882 F 3d 1033 (11th Cir, 2018).

Australian courts
• Chapter 33 on The Warsaw and Montreal System was cited by approval by the New South Wales Court of Appeal in Air Canada v Evans [2024] NSWCA 153.
• Chapter 33 on The Warsaw and Montreal System was cited by the Federal Court of Australia in Bradshaw v Emirates (2021) 395 ALR 97.
• Chapter 35 on The Convention Cause of Action was cited by the Supreme Court of New South Wales in Sydney Seaplanes Pty Ltd v Page (2021) 393 ALR 485.
• Chapter 41 on Actual and Contracting Carriers, Servants and Agents was cited by the Supreme Court of Western Australia in Garnett v Qantas Airways Ltd [2021] WASCA 110.
• Chapter 37 on Carriage of Passengers was cited by the Federal Court of Australia in Grueff v Virgin Australia Airlines Pty Ltd (2021) 395 ALR 249.
• Chapter 35 on The Convention Cause of Action was cited by the Federal Court of Australia in Bhatia v Malaysian Airline System Berhad [2018] FCA 1471.
• Chapter 34 on Implementation, Interpretation and Scope was cited by the Supreme Court of New South Wales in South West Helicopters Pty Ltd v Stephenson; Parkes Shire Council v South West Helicopters Pty Ltd; Essential Energy v South West Helicopter Pty Ltd (2017) 356 ALR 63.

English/Welsh and Scottish courts
• Chapter 35 on The Convention Cause of Action was cited by the English High Court in SMT Global Logistics Limited v Georgian Airlines Llc [2025] EWHC 739 (Comm).
• Chapter 36 on Principles of the Carrier’s Liability was cited by the Scottish Court of Session in Mather v easyJet Airline Co Ltd [2023] CSIH 8.
• Chapter 35 on The Convention Cause of Action was cited by the English Court of Appeal in Feest v South West Strategic Health Authority [2016] QB 503.
• Chapter 13 on Rights in Relation to Aircraft was cited by the English High Court in SPC Aviation Ltd v Air Link One Ltd [2020] EWHC 1419.
• Chapter 36 on Principles of the Carrier’s Liability was cited by the Manchester County Court in Mead v British Airways plc [2018] Lexis Citation 76.
• Chapter 35 on The Convention Cause of Action was cited by the Scottish Sheriff Court in Caldwell v Easyjet Airline Co Ltd 2015 Scot (D) 8/10.

Canadian Courts
Chapter 39 on Carriage of Cargo was cited by the Canadian Federal Court in Brink's Inc v Air Canada [2025] F.C.J. No. 96.

Irish Courts
Chapter 37 on Carriage of Passengers was cited by the High Court in Forde v Emirates [2021] IEHC 298.

Our article with Professor Baris Soyer on “Carriage of passengers by sea and air: to what extent can the international regime deliver?” (2018) Michigan State University International Law Review 26 was cited by the District Court of Columbia in Erwin-Simpson v Berhard (DC DC, 2019).

• • Remote Controlled and Autonomous Shipping: UK Based Case Study, Assuring Autonomy International Programme • Cyber Risk Insurance: Building Resilience in Wales, Research Wales Innovation Fund • Insurance Aspects of Illegal Fishing, Waterloo Foundation 2020

  , with Professor Baris Soyer, Professor Andrew Tettenborn, Ms Angela Nicolas